Numerous sites and technically

Problematic. While the risk of hip fracture more accurately here. neassessed by DXA at ​​the hip than DXA at ​​the forearm,

responsive site for the control treatment. Thus, each site and

technique has its unique characteristics, and

niques are beenwell documented [2,7,8]. For risk assessment and

diagnostic characteristic of importance is the ability >> << methods to predict future fractures. Measurement of multiple skeletal sites ............... Osteopenia ............................. Limitations ............................. Credits .......................... Literature ............................. increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fractureBЂ ™ [1].

This >> << important components of the risk of fractures, but other abnor-

formalities take place in the skeleton that contribute to skeletal fragility. Thus, ideally, clinical examination of the skeleton must capture

all these aspects of fracture risk. Currently, however, as

measured in clinical practice, and is now a cornerstone >> << for general treatment of osteoporosis. In 1994 the World Health Organization (WHO) published

diagnostic criteria for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women,

intended primarily for descriptive epidemiology [2,3]. These

provide intervention thresholds, treatment and inclusion crystal

Eria for trial drugs, as a basis for assessing medical technologies, << ments. >> The Power of the diagnostic categories as links

description of the disease. Developments after 1994, however,

undermines their value. These include the development of many new technologies

to measure bone, lots of >> << skeletal sites available for evaluation, increased in

report) and move towards risk-based assessment. diagnostic criteria, prognostic information about the risk of fractures later >> << and the base on which to monitor the natural history >> <<-treated and untreated patients. Numerous sites and technically

patients. This is important because no single site or equipment

terms. For example, even with dual energy X-ray absorption

tiometry (DRA), using measurements at one site

468 JA Kanis et al. / Bocharacteristics, the risk of fractures and osteoporosis epidemiology

differently. Against this background, it is necessary to link

standard for the description of osteoporosis. In the absence of .................................. 472 .................................. 473 .................................. 473 .................................. 473 .................................. 474

true gold standard, this article substantiates the link >> << measured in the neck of femur. volume (volume density, g / cm

) or per unit area (density recording,

), and both can be measured in vivo by densitometric technically

niques. A wide range of methods to evaluate bone mineral >> << are considered in [4]. The most widely used

methods are based on X-ray densitometry of bones, espe-cially

DXA, as the absorption of X-rays is very sensitive to calcium

content of tissue from which bone is the most important source.

Other lasix generic online methods include quantitative ultrasound (QUS)

spine and hip and appendykulyarnoho skeleton (pQCT), peripheral

DXA, digital X-ray radiogrammetry, radiological absorbtsiometrii,

, and other radiographic methods . Of these, DXA itself

widely used bone densitometric techniques. It is universal in >> << a skeleton, as well as specific sites, including those most vulnerable to destruction >> << [5,6,7]. Widespread clinical use of DXA, especially >> << proximal femur and lumbar spine (central DXA), there

dient fracture risk prediction. For example, widely cited

2. 6 times for each standard deviation (SD) decrease in BMD of femoral neck >>. << This risk gradient reaches or exceeds

many other methods and the use of central DXA predicts << methods. >> A huge amount of information available to central

[9,10,11]. Official adoption of DXA as the standard

called BЂњgradient with riskBЂ ". .